Panthenol (provitamin B5) is a biologically active alcohol, derived from pantothenic acid, a component of the vitamin B complex. In topical applications, it is rapidly converted into pantothenic acid, which plays a key role in cellular metabolism and skin barrier function. Panthenol is highly hygroscopic, meaning it attracts and retains water, which helps to improve skin hydration and elasticity.

Urea is an organic compound naturally present in the skin as part of the Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF). It plays a dual role as both a humectant, attracting and binding water molecules to maintain optimal skin hydration, and a mild keratolytic agent, helping to soften and break down hardened protein structures in the stratum corneum. 

Sodium PCA (Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid) is a naturally derived humectant and component of the skin’s natural moisturizing factor (NMF). It effectively attracts and binds water to the skin, promoting deep hydration, improving elasticity, and maintaining a soft, supple texture. Sodium PCA also helps strengthen the skin’s barrier function, supporting overall resilience.

Hyaluronic Acid (Sodium Hyaluronate) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating sugar units. With strong water-binding capacity, it helps retain skin moisture, improving hydration, elasticity, and structural integrity.